Timeline+Of+Instability

Timeline Of Instability

__BY: Valerie, Brandon, Jack P.​__ __1901-__ -Abdur Rahman dies, his son Habibullah succeeds him. -Slows steps toward modernization __1907-__ -Russia and Great Britain sign the convention of St. Petersburg, in which Afghanistan is declared outside Russia's sphere of influence. __1918-__ -Mahmud Tarzi introduces modern Journalism into Afghanistan with the creation of several newspapers. __1919-__ -Habibullah is assassinated, and succeeded by his son Amanullah -The first museum in Afghanistan is instituted at Baghe Bala __1921-__ *chap: 8 pg.91-Third Anglo-Afghan war -Once again, the British are defeated, and Afghanistan gains full control of her foreign affairs  -Afghanistan became an independent nation in 1921 -Amanullah Khan initiates a series of ambitious efforts at social and political modernization __1923-__ -Amanullah Khan changes his title from Amir to Padshah (King) __1929-__ -Amanullah Khan is overthrown by Habibullah Kalakani -Habibullah Kalakani, along with his supporters, and a few supporters of Amanullah Khan are killed by Nadir Khan. Now Nadir Khan establishes full control. Nadir Khan takes the throne; his tribal army loots government buildings and houses of wealthy citizens because the treasury was empty. __1930-__ -Pro-Amanullah Khan uprising put down by Nadir Khan -Nadir Khan abolishes reforms set forth by Amanullah Khan to modernize Afghanistan __1933-__ *chap:4 pg.24 -Nadir Khan assassinated by a college student, and his son, Zahir, inherits the throne. He rules until 1973. -Zahir Shah's uncles serve as prime ministers and advisors until 1953 __1934-__ -The United States of America formally recognizes Afghanistan __1940-__ -Zahir Shah proclaims Afghanistan as neutral during WW2 __1947-__ -Britain withdraws from India. Pakistan is carved out of Indian and Afghan lands __1949-__ -Afghanistan's Parliament denounces the Durand Treaty and refuses to recognize the Durand line as a legal boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan -Pashtuns in Pashtunistan (Occupied Afghan Land) proclaim an independent Pashtunistan, but their proclamation goes unacknowledged by the world community __1953-__  -In 1953 the pro-Soviet Gen. Mohammed Daoud Khan, the cousin of the king becomes prime minister and looks to the Soviets for economic and military assistance __1954-__ -The U.S. rejects Afghanistan's request to buy military equipment to modernize the army __1955-__ -Daoud turns to the Soviet Union (Russia) for military aid -The Pashtunistan (occupied Afghan land) issue flares up __1956-__  -Afghanistan become close allies with the Soviets because of the king's relationship with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev -Kruschev and Bulgaria agree to help Afghanistan __1959-__ -The Purdah is made optional, women begin to enroll in the University which has become co-educational -Women begin to enter the workforce, and the government __1961-__ -Pakistan and Afghanistan come close to war over Pashtunistan __1965-__ -The Afghan Communist Party was secretly formed in January. Babrak Karmal is one of the founders -In September, first nationwide elections under the new constitution -Karmal was elected to the Parliament, later instigates riots __1973-__  *chap: 5 pg. 36(bottom of page)-July 17th, 1973 Mohammed Zahir Shah was on vacation in Europe, when his government is overthrown in a military coup headed by Daoud Khan and PDPA (People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan) they came into power, abolished the monarchy, and Khan was named president. The Republic of Afghanistan was formed with close ties to the Soviet __1975-1977__ -Daoud Khan presents a new constitution that granted women rights  -Daoud starts to throw suspected opponents and non supporters from his government __1978-__  *chap: 5 pg. 36 (middle of page)-In 1978 Khan is killed in a communist coup. Nur Mohammad Taraki, one of the founding members of the Afghan Communist Party, took control of the country as president, and Babrak Karmal is named deputy prime minister. Tensions rise.  -Mass arrests, tortures, and arrests takes place  -Afghan flag is changed  -Taraki signed a friendship treaty with the Soviets, but a rivalry with fellow communist leader Hafizullah Amin, leads to fighting on both sides  -In June 1978 the Afghan guerrilla movement, Mujahadeen, is created to battle the soviet-backed government  -Leaders declare independence from Soviet influence   __1979-__  -Mass killings; US ambassador killed  -The United States ends assistance to Afghanistan <span style="color: #800000; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"> -Taraki is killed and Hafizullah Amin takes the Presidency <span style="color: #800000; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"> -Amin is executed, and he is replaced with Babrak Karmal <span style="color: #800000; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"> *chap: 5 pg. 36 (middle of page)-Soviet Union (Russia) invade in December <span style="color: #800000; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #800000; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"> __1980-__ <span style="color: #800000; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"> -Dr. Najibullah is brought back from USSR to run the secret police <span style="color: #800000; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"> __1982-__ <span style="color: #800000; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"> *(the war Amir and Baba were getting away from) -Millions of Afghans flee to Pakistan and Iran to escape the war <span style="color: #800000; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"> __1986-__ -Babrak Karmal is replaced by Dr. Najibullah __1987-__ -Najibullah proposes ceasefire, but the Mujahideen refuse to deal with a "puppet government" -Mujahideen make great gains, defeat of Soviets eminent __1988-1989__ -Peace accords signed in Geneva *chap: 6 pg. 52 -Soviet Union defeated by Afghanistan, total withdrawal by the Soviets occurred on Feb. 15, __1989__ -Mujahideen continue to fight against Najibullah's regime __1992-__ -April 15 The Mujahideen take Kabul and liberate Afghanistan, Najibullah is protected by UN  -The Mujahideen form an Islamic State -Professor Burhannudin Rabbani is elected President __1994-__ -The Taliban militia are born, and advance rapidly against the Rabbani government __1995-__ -Massive gains by the Taliban -Increased Pakistani and Iranian interference __1996-__ -Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, head of Hezbi-Islami, having been eliminated as a military power, signs a peace pact with Rabbani, and returns to Kabul to rule as prime minister -Taliban militia force President Rabbani and his government out of Kabul. After the capture of Kabul, the Taliban execute Najibullah -Oppression of women by the Taliban-women must be fully veiled, no longer allowed to work, go out alone or even wear white socks. Men are forced to grow beards. Buzkashi, the Afghan national sport is outlawed -Tensions rise as Afghan government accuse Pakistan of aiding the Taliban -Massive human rights violations by the Taliban __1997-__ -Mass graves of Taliban soldiers containing between 1,500 and 2,000 bodies are found. The men were believed to have been captured in May by general Abdul Malik during the Taliban's brief takeover of Mazar-i-Sharif __1998-__ -Earthquake strikes in northeastern Afghansitan, killing over 4,000 people, destroying villages and leaving thousands of people homeless -Taliban finally capture Mazar-i-Sharif, and massacre thousands of innocent civilians afterwards, mostly Hazaras -United States launches cruise missles hitting Afghanistan's Khost region. US states its intent was to destroy so called terrorist bases/training facilities used by Osama bin Laden and his followers. Some Afghan civilians are also killed __1999-__ -Earthquake hits eastern Afghanistan, affecting over 30,000 people, and killing at least 60 to 70 people -The ex-king of Afghanistan, Mohammad Zahir Shah, calls for a grand assembly, or Loya Jirga to discuss ways of bringing peace to the country. The United Front soon welcomes the idea, but the Taliban ridicule Mohammad Zahir Shah's attempts at establishing peace __2001-__ -September 11th, suicide attacks on the U.S. kill more than 3,000 people and destroy the two towers of the World Trade Center and part of the Pentagon. -The United States and UK working with the forces of the United Front (UNIFSA) launch air strikes against the Taliban. ( The Americans hold Osama bin Laden directly responsible for the attacks on the World Trade Center, and the Taliban were targeted for protecting him.) __2002-__ -Former King Mohammad Zahir returns to Afghanistan -Loya Jirga (grand council) elects Hamid Karzai as President of a Transitional Government. Karzai picks members of his administration to serve until elections are held in 2004 __2004-__ -Afghanistan adopts a new constitution. The country is now a republic with 3 branches of government -Presidential elections are finally held after being delayed twice. Hamid Karzai is declared the winner

__**Comparisons with Africas Government**__ - Like Africa's countries, Afghanistan had many leaders of different backgrounds. - Afghanistan had many coups created to run out their leaders of their counrty. - Wars were also over who wanted what. - Afghanistan has different social classes. ex. hazaras and pashtuns. Africa ex. hutus and tutsis Pashtuns were the higher people.